Conditionals

There are several structures in English that we call conditionals or if conditionals. The word "condition" means "situation or circumstance". If a particular condition is true, then a particular result happens:

• if y = 3 then 2y = 6

There are three basic English conditionals plus the so-called zero conditional. There are some more conditionals that we do not use so often.

Structure of Conditional Sentences

The structure of most conditionals is very simple. There are two basic possibilities.

Of course, we add many words and can use various tenses, but the basic structure is usually like this:

or like this:

This structure can produce, for example, the following sentences:

• If I see her, I will tell her.
• I will tell her if I see her.

Notice the comma in the first sentence. (A comma is always correct in this case, but not always essential if the sentence is short.) In the second sentence we do not normally use a comma.

First Conditional

for real possibility

We are talking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition or situation in the future, and the result of this condition. There is a real possibility that this condition will happen. For example, it is morning. You are at home. You plan to play tennis this afternoon. But there are some clouds in the sky. Imagine that it rains. What will you do?

Read more about the First Conditional

Second Conditional

for unreal possibility

The second conditional is like the first conditional. We are still thinking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition in the future, and the result of this condition. But there is not a real possibility that this condition will happen. For example, you do not have a lottery ticket. Is it possible to win? No! No lottery ticket, no win! But maybe you will buy a lottery ticket in the future. So you can think about winning in the future, like a dream. It's not very real, but it's still possible.

Read more about the Second Conditional

Third Conditional

for no possibility

The first conditional and second conditionals talk about the future. With the third conditional we talk about the past. We talk about a condition in the past that did not happen. That is why there is no possibility for this condition. The third conditional is also like a dream, but with no possibility of the dream coming true.

Last week you bought a lottery ticket. But you did not win. :-(

Read more about the Third Conditional

Zero Conditional

for certainty

We use the so-called zero conditional when the result of the condition is always true, like a scientific fact.

Take some ice. Put it in a saucepan. Heat the saucepan. What happens? The ice melts (it becomes water). You would be surprised if it did not.

Read more about the Zero Conditional

Summary of Conditionals

Here is a table to help you to visualize the basic conditionals.

Do not take the 50% and 10% too literally. They are just to help you.