say OR tell?

The verbs say and tell have similar meanings. They both mean "to communicate verbally with someone". But we often use them differently.

The simple way to think of say and tell is:

You say something
You tell someone something

You say something	You tell someone something
Ram said that he was tired.	Ram told Jane that he was tired.
Anthony says you have a new job.	Anthony tells me you have a new job.
Tara said: "I love you."	Tara told John that she loved him.

But, of course, it is not always so easy. Here are a few rules to help you.

Personal object
We usually follow tell with a personal object (the person that we are speaking to). We usually use say without a personal object:

She told me that she loved John.
She said that she loved John.
He told everybody that he had to leave.
He said that he had to leave.

Say "to someone"
With say, we sometimes use "to someone":

He said to me that he was tired.
Tara said to Ram that he had done very well.
Anthony said to her, "I hope you come soon."
"I'd like to sleep," she said to him quietly.

Direct speech
We can use say with direct speech. We use tell only with direct speech that is an instruction or information:

Amanda said, "Hello John. How are you?"
"That's great," she said.
He told her: "Open the door quietly."
She told me, "I have never been to England."

We can use say with direct questions, but we cannot use tell:

She said: "Do you love me?"
The policeman said to the prisoner, "Where were you at 8pm?"

Reported speech
We can use say and tell to talk about reported information:

She said that it was raining.
She told me that she would call at 2pm.

We cannot use say or tell to talk about reported questions. We must use ask (or a similar verb):

She asked if I had ever been there.
They asked what I wanted to eat.
She asked where he lived.
He asked if she wanted to go home.

Orders, advice
We use tell + object + infinitive for orders or advice:

She told him to sit down.
They told me not to wait.
Tell Neil to have a holiday and forget her.

Phrases
Here are a few fixed phrases with tell. We cannot use say with these phrases:

tell (someone) a story
tell (someone) a lie
tell (someone) the truth
tell the future (= to know what the future will bring)
tell the time (= know how to read a clock)

Right and wrong
Read these examples of correct and incorrect usage:

right	wrong	Because we cannot...
Tara told Jo to go away.	Tara ~~said Jo to go away~~.	say someone to do something
Panita told me that she was hungry.	Panita ~~said me that she was hungry~~.	say someone something
He said that he likes coffee.	He ~~told that he likes coffee~~.	tell something
Tookta told me that she was coming.	Tookta ~~told to me that she was coming~~.	tell to someone
Tookta said to me that she was coming.	Tookta ~~told to me that she was coming~~.	tell to someone
Siriluck always tells lies.	Siriluck always ~~says lies~~.	say a lie
Ram said to Nok: "Let's turn on the TV."	Ram ~~told Nok: "Let's turn on the TV."~~	tell somebody "direct speech" (except instructions and information)
(Ram told Nok, "Turn on the TV.")
(Ram told Nok: "I was born in 1985.")
She asked if I wanted to come.	She ~~said if I wanted to come~~.	say or tell a reported question
Took asked what I wanted to do.	Tookta ~~told what I wanted to do~~.	say or tell a reported question